CULTURE
National CharactersNational Birds
Red-legged partridge
Red-legged partridge with scientific name "Alectoris rufa" calls "Kew, kev, Kewk, keví, and kevkí" in Kurdish. Red-legged partridge is normally thirteen inches in length, but does not mention either its breadth or weight. The bill, legs, and orbits are red; the irides hazel; chin and throat dull white, surrounded by a black line or streak, which passes from the brow and nostrils to the eyes, behind which it continues, falls down before the auriculars, and meets on the lower part of the neck: a white streak extends from the brow over the eyes towards the hinder part of the neck; the forehead is bluish ash, fading into a rusty chesnut behind, where the feathers are somewhat elongated, and can be erected or depressed at pleasure; the hinder part of the neck is rusty chesnut, formed into a stripe, which falls down towards the shoulders; the rest of the neck is pale ash, inclining to blue, with numerous longish spots of black; below this, to the shoulders and breast, the plumage is rusty brown, with a vinous reflection; the belly and thighs pale rusty chesnut; the breast pale lead grey; sides beautifully ornamented with stripes composed of black, bright reddish chesnut, and white; the upper parts of the plumage are rufous brown, somewhat tinged with olive grey; quills nearly the same, but darker, the outer edges yellowish; vent brownish ash: the tail consists of sixteen feathers, the middle ones greyish brown, the outer ones deep reddish chesnut; under coverts of the tail nearly the same: the legs are furnished with a kind of double knob instead of a spur.
These birds are found in various parts of Kurdistan; and are common in Germany, France, and Italy; the islands of Madeira, Guernsey and Jersey; but the accounts of their breeding in England, are contradictory. In a wild state, they prefer woody and heathy wastes, to in closed ground, but they are easily tamed, and soon become offensively familiar.
NEWROZ
The Legend of NEWROZ:
King Jamshid; King Dehak/Zuhak and Kawa, the Kurdish blacksmith.
There are probably as many legends of Newroz as the manners in which it is spelled and pronounced. Below is a legend recounted by Mark Campbell. It is as poetic and as beautiful as any classic fable. Newroz predates all New Year and Religious festivals in the Middle East and Europe. Mark Campell recounts the Kurdish version of the legend of Kawa and Newroz. Jalal Jonroy, New York.
Kawa and the story of Newroz:
A long time ago in between the two great rivers Euphrates and Tigris there was a land called Mesopotamia.Above a small town and tucked into the side of the Zagros Mountains, there was an enormous stone castle with tall turrets and dark high walls. The castle was cut out of the mountain rock. The castle gates were made from the wood of the cedar tree and carved into the shapes of winged warriors.Deep inside the castle lived a cruel Assyrian king called Dehak. His armies terrorized all the people of the land.All had been well before Dehak''s rule in Mesopotamia. Previous kings had been good and kind and had encouraged the people to irrigate the land and keep their fields fertile. They ate food consisting only of bread, herbs, fruit and nuts.It was during the reign of a king called Jemshid that things started to go wrong. He thought himself above the sun gods and began to lose favour with his people. A spirit called Ahriman the Evil, seized the chance to take control. He chose Dehak to take over the throne, who then killed Jemshid and cut him in two.The evil spirit, disguised as a cook, fed Dehak with blood and the flesh of animals and one day as Dehak complimented him on his meat dishes, he thanked him and asked to kiss the king's shoulders.As he did so there was a great flash of light and two giant black snakes appeared on either side of his shoulders. Dehak was terrified and tried everything he could to get rid of them.Ahriman the Evil disguised himself again, this time as a physician and told Dehak that he would never be able to rid himself of the snakes and that when the snakes became hungry Dehak would feel a terrible pain, which would only be alleviated when the snakes were fed with the brains of young boys and girls.So from that dark day onwards two children were chosen from the towns and villages that lay below the castle. They were killed and their brains were taken to the castle gates and placed into a large wooden bucket made from the wood of a walnut tree and held firmly together by three thin bands of gold.The bucket of brains was then lifted by two strong guards and taken to the wicked Dehak and the brains fed to the hungry snakes.Since the snake king began his rule over the kingdom, the sun refused to shine. The farmer’s crops, trees and flowers withered. The giant watermelons that had grown there for centuries rotted. The peacocks and partridges that used to strut around the giant pomegranate trees had left. Even the eagles that had flown high in the mountain winds had gone.Now all was dark, cold and bleak. The people all over the land were very sad.Everyone became terrified of Dehak. They sang sad and sorrowful laments that expressed their pain and plight. And the haunting sound of a long wooden flute could always be heard echoing throughout the valleys.Now there lived below the king’s castle a blacksmith who made iron shoes for the famous wild horses of Mesopotamia and pots and pans for the people of the town. His name was Kawa.He and his wife were weakened by grief and hated Dehak as he had already taken 16 of their 17 children.Every day, sweating hot from the oven, Kawa banged his hammer on the anvil and dreamed of getting rid of the evil king.And as he banged the red hot metal, harder and harder, the red and yellow sparks flew up into the dark sky like fireworks and could be seen for miles around.One day the order came from the castle that Kawa’s last daughter was to be killed and her brain was to be brought to the castle gate the very next day.Kawa lay all night on the roof of his house, under the bright stars and rays of the shining full moon thinking how to save his last daughter from Dehak’s snakes. As a shooting star curved through the night sky he had an idea.The next morning he rode on the bare back of his horse, slowly pulling the heavy iron cart with two metal buckets rattling on the back. The cart climbed up the steep cobbled road and arrived outside the castle.He nervously emptied the contents of the metal buckets into the large wooden bucket outside the enormous castle gates.As he turned to leave he heard the gates unbolt, shudder and slowly started to creak open. He took one last look and hurried away.The wooden bucket was then slowly lifted by two guards and taken into the castle. The brains were fed to the two hungry giant snakes that grew from Dehak’s shoulders.When Kawa got home he found his wife kneeling in front of a roaring log fire. He knelt down and gently lifted her large velvet cloak. There, under the cloak, was their daughter. Kawa swept back her long thick black hair from her face and kissed her warm cheek.Instead of sacrificing his own daughter, Kawa had sacrificed a sheep and had put the sheep’s brain into the wooden bucket. And no one had noticed.Soon all the townspeople heard of this. So when Dehak demanded from them a child sacrifice, they all did the same. Like this, many hundreds of children were saved.Then all the saved children went, under darkness, to the very furthest and highest mountains where no one would find them.Here, high up in the safety of the Zagros Mountains, the children grew in freedom. They learnt how to survive on their own. They learnt how to ride wild horses, how to hunt, fish, sing and dance.From Kawa they learnt how to fight. One day soon they would return to their homeland and save their people from the tyrant king.Time went by and Kawa’s army was ready to begin their march on the castle. On the way they passed through villages and hamlets. The village dogs barked and the people came out of their houses to cheer them and give them bread, water, yogurt and olivesAs Kawa and the children drew near Dehak’s castle both men and women left their fields to join them.By the time they were approaching the castle Kawa’s army had grown to many thousands.They paused outside the castle and turned to Kawa.Kawa stood on a rock. He wore his blacksmith’s leather apron and clenched his hammer in his hand. He turned and faced the castle and raised his hammer towards the castle gates.The large crowd surged forwards and smashed down the castle gates that were shaped like winged warriors and quickly overpowered Dehak’s men.Kawa raced straight to Dehak’s chambers, down the winding stone stairs, and with his blacksmiths hammer killed the evil snake king and cut off his head. The two serpents withered.He then climbed to the top of the mountain above the castle and lit a large bonfire to tell all the people of Mesopotamia that they were free.Soon, hundreds of fires all over the land were lit to spread the message and the flames leapt high into the night sky, lighting it up and cleansing the air of the smell of Dehak and his evil deeds.The darkness was gone.With the light of dawn, the sun came from behind the dark clouds and warmed the mountainous land once more.The flowers slowly began to open and the buds on the fig trees burst into bloom. The watermelons began to grow, as they had for centuries before. The eagles returned and flew on the warm winds amongst the mountain peaks.The peacocks fanned their beautiful plumes that glinted in the hot spring sun. Wild horses with long black manes galloped over the dusty flat plains. Partridges perched and sang on the branches of the pear trees. Small children ate ripe walnuts wrapped in fresh figs and the smell of freshly baked bread from the stone ovens reached their noses with the help of a light breeze.The fires burned higher and higher and the people sang and danced around in circles holding hands with their shoulders bobbing up and down in rhythm with the flute and drum. The women in bright coloured sequined dresses sang love songs and the men replied as they all moved around the flames as one.Some of the youngsters hovered over the flute, drunk with the sound of the music, their arms outstretched like eagles soaring the skies.Now they were free.To this day, on the same Spring day every year, March 21st, (which is also Spring Equinox) Kurdish, Persian, Afghan and other people of the Middle East dance and leap through fires to remember Kawa and how he freed his people from tyranny and oppression and to celebrate the coming of the New Year.This day is called Newroz or New Day. It is one of the few ‘peoples celebrations’ that has survived and predates all the major religious festivals.Although celebrated by others, it is especially important for the Kurds as it is also the start of the Kurdish calendar and celebrates the Kurds own long struggle for freedom.
King Jamshid; King Dehak/Zuhak and Kawa, the Kurdish blacksmith.
There are probably as many legends of Newroz as the manners in which it is spelled and pronounced. Below is a legend recounted by Mark Campbell. It is as poetic and as beautiful as any classic fable. Newroz predates all New Year and Religious festivals in the Middle East and Europe. Mark Campell recounts the Kurdish version of the legend of Kawa and Newroz. Jalal Jonroy, New York.
Kawa and the story of Newroz:
A long time ago in between the two great rivers Euphrates and Tigris there was a land called Mesopotamia.Above a small town and tucked into the side of the Zagros Mountains, there was an enormous stone castle with tall turrets and dark high walls. The castle was cut out of the mountain rock. The castle gates were made from the wood of the cedar tree and carved into the shapes of winged warriors.Deep inside the castle lived a cruel Assyrian king called Dehak. His armies terrorized all the people of the land.All had been well before Dehak''s rule in Mesopotamia. Previous kings had been good and kind and had encouraged the people to irrigate the land and keep their fields fertile. They ate food consisting only of bread, herbs, fruit and nuts.It was during the reign of a king called Jemshid that things started to go wrong. He thought himself above the sun gods and began to lose favour with his people. A spirit called Ahriman the Evil, seized the chance to take control. He chose Dehak to take over the throne, who then killed Jemshid and cut him in two.The evil spirit, disguised as a cook, fed Dehak with blood and the flesh of animals and one day as Dehak complimented him on his meat dishes, he thanked him and asked to kiss the king's shoulders.As he did so there was a great flash of light and two giant black snakes appeared on either side of his shoulders. Dehak was terrified and tried everything he could to get rid of them.Ahriman the Evil disguised himself again, this time as a physician and told Dehak that he would never be able to rid himself of the snakes and that when the snakes became hungry Dehak would feel a terrible pain, which would only be alleviated when the snakes were fed with the brains of young boys and girls.So from that dark day onwards two children were chosen from the towns and villages that lay below the castle. They were killed and their brains were taken to the castle gates and placed into a large wooden bucket made from the wood of a walnut tree and held firmly together by three thin bands of gold.The bucket of brains was then lifted by two strong guards and taken to the wicked Dehak and the brains fed to the hungry snakes.Since the snake king began his rule over the kingdom, the sun refused to shine. The farmer’s crops, trees and flowers withered. The giant watermelons that had grown there for centuries rotted. The peacocks and partridges that used to strut around the giant pomegranate trees had left. Even the eagles that had flown high in the mountain winds had gone.Now all was dark, cold and bleak. The people all over the land were very sad.Everyone became terrified of Dehak. They sang sad and sorrowful laments that expressed their pain and plight. And the haunting sound of a long wooden flute could always be heard echoing throughout the valleys.Now there lived below the king’s castle a blacksmith who made iron shoes for the famous wild horses of Mesopotamia and pots and pans for the people of the town. His name was Kawa.He and his wife were weakened by grief and hated Dehak as he had already taken 16 of their 17 children.Every day, sweating hot from the oven, Kawa banged his hammer on the anvil and dreamed of getting rid of the evil king.And as he banged the red hot metal, harder and harder, the red and yellow sparks flew up into the dark sky like fireworks and could be seen for miles around.One day the order came from the castle that Kawa’s last daughter was to be killed and her brain was to be brought to the castle gate the very next day.Kawa lay all night on the roof of his house, under the bright stars and rays of the shining full moon thinking how to save his last daughter from Dehak’s snakes. As a shooting star curved through the night sky he had an idea.The next morning he rode on the bare back of his horse, slowly pulling the heavy iron cart with two metal buckets rattling on the back. The cart climbed up the steep cobbled road and arrived outside the castle.He nervously emptied the contents of the metal buckets into the large wooden bucket outside the enormous castle gates.As he turned to leave he heard the gates unbolt, shudder and slowly started to creak open. He took one last look and hurried away.The wooden bucket was then slowly lifted by two guards and taken into the castle. The brains were fed to the two hungry giant snakes that grew from Dehak’s shoulders.When Kawa got home he found his wife kneeling in front of a roaring log fire. He knelt down and gently lifted her large velvet cloak. There, under the cloak, was their daughter. Kawa swept back her long thick black hair from her face and kissed her warm cheek.Instead of sacrificing his own daughter, Kawa had sacrificed a sheep and had put the sheep’s brain into the wooden bucket. And no one had noticed.Soon all the townspeople heard of this. So when Dehak demanded from them a child sacrifice, they all did the same. Like this, many hundreds of children were saved.Then all the saved children went, under darkness, to the very furthest and highest mountains where no one would find them.Here, high up in the safety of the Zagros Mountains, the children grew in freedom. They learnt how to survive on their own. They learnt how to ride wild horses, how to hunt, fish, sing and dance.From Kawa they learnt how to fight. One day soon they would return to their homeland and save their people from the tyrant king.Time went by and Kawa’s army was ready to begin their march on the castle. On the way they passed through villages and hamlets. The village dogs barked and the people came out of their houses to cheer them and give them bread, water, yogurt and olivesAs Kawa and the children drew near Dehak’s castle both men and women left their fields to join them.By the time they were approaching the castle Kawa’s army had grown to many thousands.They paused outside the castle and turned to Kawa.Kawa stood on a rock. He wore his blacksmith’s leather apron and clenched his hammer in his hand. He turned and faced the castle and raised his hammer towards the castle gates.The large crowd surged forwards and smashed down the castle gates that were shaped like winged warriors and quickly overpowered Dehak’s men.Kawa raced straight to Dehak’s chambers, down the winding stone stairs, and with his blacksmiths hammer killed the evil snake king and cut off his head. The two serpents withered.He then climbed to the top of the mountain above the castle and lit a large bonfire to tell all the people of Mesopotamia that they were free.Soon, hundreds of fires all over the land were lit to spread the message and the flames leapt high into the night sky, lighting it up and cleansing the air of the smell of Dehak and his evil deeds.The darkness was gone.With the light of dawn, the sun came from behind the dark clouds and warmed the mountainous land once more.The flowers slowly began to open and the buds on the fig trees burst into bloom. The watermelons began to grow, as they had for centuries before. The eagles returned and flew on the warm winds amongst the mountain peaks.The peacocks fanned their beautiful plumes that glinted in the hot spring sun. Wild horses with long black manes galloped over the dusty flat plains. Partridges perched and sang on the branches of the pear trees. Small children ate ripe walnuts wrapped in fresh figs and the smell of freshly baked bread from the stone ovens reached their noses with the help of a light breeze.The fires burned higher and higher and the people sang and danced around in circles holding hands with their shoulders bobbing up and down in rhythm with the flute and drum. The women in bright coloured sequined dresses sang love songs and the men replied as they all moved around the flames as one.Some of the youngsters hovered over the flute, drunk with the sound of the music, their arms outstretched like eagles soaring the skies.Now they were free.To this day, on the same Spring day every year, March 21st, (which is also Spring Equinox) Kurdish, Persian, Afghan and other people of the Middle East dance and leap through fires to remember Kawa and how he freed his people from tyranny and oppression and to celebrate the coming of the New Year.This day is called Newroz or New Day. It is one of the few ‘peoples celebrations’ that has survived and predates all the major religious festivals.Although celebrated by others, it is especially important for the Kurds as it is also the start of the Kurdish calendar and celebrates the Kurds own long struggle for freedom.
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